Broadband Amplifiers for High

Abstract 21 Introduction 31.1 Motivation    . . . 31.1.1 Scope of theWork   51.2 State of the Art    61.2.1 Broadband Amplifiers   . 61.2.2 Devices    72 InP-based Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor 112.1 Operating Principle   . . . 122.2 Technology    . . 162.2.1 Active Devices   . 162.2.2 Passive Structures   182.3 Layer Structure Optimization   . 192.3.1 Initial Layer Structure (A)   . . . . 192.3.2 Improved Layer Structure (B)   . . 242.3.3 Optimized Layer Structure (C)   . 282.3.4 Summary   . . . . 332.4 Transistor Layout Optimization   342.4.1 EmitterWidth Design   . 362.4.2 Base ContactWidth Design   . . . 382.4.3 Collector Contact Design   402.4.4 Emitter Length Design   . 402.4.5 Summary   . . . . 433 Transistor Models 453.1 Large-SignalModels   . . 463.1.1 Gummel-PoonModel   . . 463.1.2 AlternativeModels   473.1.3 UCSDModel   . . 473.2 UCSDModel Extraction   493.2.1 Diode Parameters   493.2.2 Resistances   . . . 513.2.3 Junction Capacitances   . 553.2.4 Transit and Delay Times   563.3 Small-SignalModel   . . . 603.3.1 Model Extraction   603.3.2 Investigation of Transistors   . . . . 633.4 Summary    . . . 684 Methods of Broadband Amplifier Characterization 694.1 Figures ofMerit    694.1.1 Bandwidth  . . . . 694.1.2 Group Delay   . . . 714.1.3 Output Power   . . 714.2 Small-Signal-Characterization (S-Parameter)  . . . 724.3 Large-Signal-Characterization   . 734.3.1 Output Power   . . 734.3.2 Signal Distortion (Eye-Diagram)   . 745 Realization of Compact Lumped Amplifiers 775.1 Design Considerations   . 775.2 Realized Amplifiers   . . . 795.2.1 Comparison of Lumped Amplifier Approaches  . . 795.2.2 High-Gain Amplifier for 40 Gbit/s   825.2.3 Low-Power Amplifier for 80 Gbit/s  . . . . 855.3 Output Power Limit   . . 876 Distributed Amplifiers for 80 Gbit/s 916.1 Design Considerations   . 926.1.1 Gain Cell Design Concepts   . . . . 936.1.2 Attenuation Compensation   . . . . 936.1.3 Coplanar and Microstrip Transmission Lines  966.1.4 Transmission Line Termination   . 976.1.5 Linear andMatrix Design   . . . . 986.1.6 Single-ended and Differential Design  . . . 986.2 Realized Amplifiers   . . . 996.2.1 Low-Power 100 GHz Bandwidth Amplifier  996.2.2 Tunable Amplifier for Loss Compensation  1036.2.3 High-Power Amplifier for 80 Gbit/s  . . . . 1086.3 Summary    . . . 1147 Conclusion and Outlook 115A Extracted Large-Signal Model Parameters 117Bibliography 119List of Abbreviations 129Acknowledgments 131Curriculum Vitae 132