High-Speed Circuit Board Signa

High-Speed Circuit Board Signal Integrity:CharacterisTIcs and ConstrucTIon of Printed Wiring Boards 11.1 IntroducTIon 11.2 Unit System 11.3 PWB ConstrucTIon 21.3.1 Resins 31.3.2 Alternate Resin Systems 31.3.3 Reinforcements 51.3.4 Variability in Building Stackups 61.3.5 Mixing Laminate Types 71.4 PWB Traces 71.4.1 Copper Cladding 81.4.2 Copper Weights and Thickness 91.4.3 Plating the Surface Traces 91.4.4 Trace Etch Shape Effects 91.5 Vias 101.5.1 Via Aspect Ratio 131.6 Surface Finishes and Solder Mask 141.7 Summary 14References 15CHAPTER 2Resistance of Etched Conductors 172.1 Introduction 172.2 Resistance at Low Frequencies 172.3 Loop Resistance and the Proximity Effect 202.3.1 Resistance Matrix 212.3.2 Proximity Effect 222.4 Resistance Increase with Frequency: Skin Effect 242.5 Hand Calculations of Frequency-Dependent Resistance 272.5.1 Return Path Resistance 282.5.2 Conductor Resistance 282.5.3 Total Loop Resistance 292.6 Resistance Increase Due to Surface Roughness 292.7 Summary 30 CHAPTER 3Capacitance of Etched Conductors 313.1 Introduction 313.2 Capacitance and Charge 313.2.1 Dielectric Constant 323.3 Parallel Plate Capacitor 333.4 Self and Mutual Capacitance 353.5 Capacitance Matrix 373.6 Dielectric Losses 393.6.1 Reactance and Displacement Current 403.6.2 Loss Tangent 403.6.3 Calculating Loss Tangent and Conductance G 413.7 Environmental Effects on Laminate εr and Loss Tangent 433.7.1 Temperature Effects 443.7.2 Moisture Effects 443.8 Summary 45References 45CHAPTER 4Inductance of Etched Conductors 474.1 Introduction 474.2 Field Theory 474.2.1 Permeability 484.2.2 Inductance 484.2.3 Internal and External Inductance 494.2.4 Partial Inductance 494.2.5 Reciprocity Principal and Transverse Electromagnetic Mode 504.3 Circuit Behavior of Inductance 514.3.1 Inductive Voltage Drop 534.3.2 Inductive Reactance 544.4 Inductance Matrix 554.4.1 Using the Reciprocity Principle to Obtain theInductance Matrix from a Capacitance Matrix 554.5 Mutual Inductance 554.5.1 Coupling Coefficient 564.5.2 Beneficial Effects of Mutual Inductance 574.5.3 Deleterious Effects of Mutual Inductance 594.6 Hand Calculations for Inductance 604.6.1 Inductance of a Wire Above a Return Plane 604.6.2 Inductance of Side-by-Side Wires 614.6.3 Inductance of Parallel Plates 614.6.4 Inductance of Microstrip 634.6.5 Inductance of Stripline 634.7 Summary 64References 65