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1 IntroducTIon1.1 MOTIVATION1.2 SUMMARY OF BOOK1.3 BOOK ORGANIZATIONREFERENCES2 Frequency Synthesizer for Wireless Applications2.1 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS2.2 PHASE NOISE AND TIMING JITTER2.2.1 Phase noise and spurious tone 82.2.2 Timing jitter2.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER2.3.1 Direct analog frequency synthesizer 142.3.2 Direct digital frequency synthesizer3 PLL Frequency Synthesizer 313.1 PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER BASICS3.1.1 Basic building blocks of charge-pump PLL3.1.2 Continuous-time linear phase analysis3.1.3 Locking time3.1.4 Tracking and acquisition3.2 FAST-LOCKING TECHNIQUES3.2.1 Bandwidth gear-shifting3.2.2 VCO pre-tuning3.3 DISCRETE-TIME ANALYSIS AND NONLINEAR MODELINGz-domain transfer function and stability analysisNonlinear dynamic behavior modeling3.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE: 2.4GHZ INTEGER-N PLL FOR BLUETOOTHREFERENCES4 Fractional-N PLL Synthesizer 694.1 FRACTIONAL-N FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER4.1.1 quantization noise to phase noise mapping4.1.2 quantization noise to timing jitter mapping4.2 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIGITAL MODULATORS4.2.1 Design considerations4.2.2 Four types of digital modulators4.2.3 Summary of comparative study4.3 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF4.3.1 Direct digital modulation4.3.2 Frequency-to-digital conversion4.4 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF4.5 DESIGN EXAMPLE: 900MHz FOR GSMREFERENCES5 Enhanced Phase Switching Prescaler 1035.1 PRESCALER ARCHITECTUREConventional prescalerPhase switching prescalerInjection-locked prescalerSummary and comparison of prescalersENHANCED PHASE-SWITCHING PRESCALERCIRCUIT DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULTS Eight 45°-spaced phases generation8-to-1 multiplexerSwitching control circuitAsynchronous frequency divider5.4 DELAY BUDGET IN THE SWITCHING CONTROL LOOP2.3.3 PLL-based frequency synthesizer2.3.4 DLL-based frequency synthesizer2.3.5 Hybrid frequency synthesizer2.3.6 Summary and comparison of synthesizers2.4 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER FOR WIRELESS TRANSCEIVERS2.5 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF PLL AND FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERREFERENCES
