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Integrating A/D converters have two characteristics incommon. First, as the name implies, their output representsthe integral or average of an input voltage over a fixed periodof time. Compared with techniques which require that theinput is “frozen” with a sample-and-hold, the integratingconverter will give repeatable results in the presence of highfrequency noise (relative to the measurement period). Asecond and equally important characteristic is that they usetime to quantize the answer, resulting in extremely smallnonlinearity errors and no possibility of missing outputcodes. Furthermore, the integrating converter has very goodrejection of frequencies whose periods are an integralmultiple of the measurement period. This feature can beused to advantage in reducing line frequency noise, forexample in laboratory instruments (Figure 1).
